Background: Prolonged hospitalization can intensify mental and emotional distress, adversely affecting patient recovery and well-being. Objective: This study evaluates the mental and emotional impact of extended hospital stays on patients in a Saudi Arabian hospital context. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the inpatient unit of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Hospital, Nursing Department, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, from June 2017 to June 2018. One hundred patients admitted for over ten days were assessed using validated psychological tools, with data analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Among of 100 patients, 72% (n=72) exhibited moderate to severe anxiety, while 65% (n=65) showed symptoms of depression. Emotional distress was identified in 80% (n=80) of participants, with 45% (n=36) experiencing severe distress. Additionally, 68% (n=68) of patients indicated that confinement and isolation significantly contributed to their distress levels. Among those with limited family support, 85% (n=34 out of 40) reported higher levels of anxiety and depression, compared to 61% (n=37 out of 60) among those with regular family interactions. Statistical analysis confirmed a strong association (p < 0.05) between prolonged hospitalization and adverse mental health outcomes, with isolation and lack of support being key contributing factors. Conclusions: Prolonged hospitalization substantially affects mental and emotional well-being, underscoring the need for tailored mental health interventions in long-term care settings.